Properties: Stored, Computed, Observers (didSet) & Lazy

In Plain English

Properties associate values with structures, classes, and enumerations. Learn Stored vs Computed properties, Property Observers (willSet and didSet) for responding to state changes, lazy stored properties for deferred initialization, and static type properties.

The Mental Model

"A stored property is a physical storage shelf. A computed property is an electronic calculator on the wall that computes a value dynamically whenever you press the button. A property observer (didSet) is an alarm sensor that rings whenever a new package is placed on the shelf."

Deep Dive: How It Works

Computed Properties: var prop: Type { get { ... } set(newVal) { ... } } calculates a value dynamically rather than storing it.

Property Observers: didSet { ... } executes immediately after a new value is stored; willSet { ... } executes right before.

lazy Stored Properties: lazy var data = loadHugeFile() delays initialization until the property is first accessed.

Static Properties: static let maxLimit = 100 defines a type-level constant shared across all instances.

Syntax Blueprint

var score: Int = 0 {
    didSet { print("Score changed from \(oldValue) to \(score)") }
}
var doubleScore: Int { score * 2 }

Use didSet to monitor property mutations and var name: Type { ... } for computed getters.

Core Rules to Remember

oldValue and newValue: didSet provides automatic access to oldValue; willSet provides access to newValue.

Read-Only Computed Properties: You can omit the get keyword for read-only computed properties (var area: Double { w * h }).

lazy Must Be var: lazy properties must always be declared with var because their initial value might not be set until after instance initialization.

Common Beginner Traps & How to Fix Them

Mistake:Assigning to a property inside its own didSet observer without a guard condition.

Why it happens: Can trigger recursive observer loops if not carefully managed.

How to fix: Avoid self-assignment in didSet or use computed getters.

Pro Tip: Use computed properties instead of getMethod() functions when a calculation is lightweight (O(1)) and has no side-effects.

Live Interactive Example

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Computed Properties and Property Observers

Swift 5.10 / LLVM

Output Console

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How it works: didSet fired automatically on each score change, and isHighScore dynamically computed true.

Your Turn: Micro Challenge

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Micro Exercise

Implement Step Counter with didSet

Define a struct StepTracker with var totalSteps: Int = 0.
Add a didSet observer to totalSteps that prints "Steps increased to \(totalSteps)".
In top-level code, create var tracker = StepTracker() and set tracker.totalSteps = 1000.

Sandbox Output

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